VLOOKUP

Looks up a value in the first column and returns matching value.

XLOOKUP

Modern lookup function that can return values to the left or right of the lookup column, unlike VLOOKUP.

LOOKUP

Performs vector lookup in sorted data.

INDEX

Returns value from array by row/column position.

MATCH

Returns relative position of lookup value in a range.

XMATCH

Enhanced MATCH with additional matching/search options.

FIND

Finds text position (case-sensitive).

SEARCH

Finds text position (case-insensitive).